CNS Report 2016

Hydrocarbons

DEFINITION

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that made no more than carbon and hydrogen. It is possible to bind two or three formed between carbon atoms, and even to the structure formed as a ring.

TYPES OF HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS

Alkanes

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons which means they are compounds with a single bond between atoms. Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with hydrogen is the simplest. They are generally represented by the chemical formula CnH2n + 2 in the case of non-cyclic structure or straight-chain structure.

Molecular Shape

Electron Domain Theory
● The shape of molecules depending on the room arrangement bonding pair (B)
and a pair of free electrons central atom (F) in the molecule. can be explained
the electron pair repulsion theory valence shell or VSEPR theory (Valence
Shell Electron Pair Repultion)
● molecule covalent electron pair are both B and F.
Because the electron pair have like charges, then between electrons pair. Repulsion
repulsion (B - B)
● The existence of repulsion causes the atoms bonded
form a certain space structures of a molecule thus
molecular shape is influenced by the amount of F and the B held on
the central atom.
● The shape of the molecule was determined by an electron pair bond
Examples of CH4 molecule has four B

Molecular Shape Table

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@api/deki/files/57957/=CNX_Chem_07_06_molgeom.jpg?revision=1

 

 

Chemical Bonding

DEFINITION

 The chemical bonding is a bond that forms between atoms or between molecules by means of:

•      One atom loses electrons, while the other atoms accept electron

•      The use of shared pair of electrons originating from each atom bonded

•      The use of shared pair of electrons originating from one atom bonded

The purpose of chemical bond formation is to achieve the stability of an element. The stability of the element occurs when an element follow the octet rule. Octet rule is the tendency of these elements to make the electron same configuration as the noble gases. The noble gases (VIII-A group) have as many as eight valence electrons (octet) or 2 (duplet, only the element Helium).

Rate of Reaction

DEFINITION
Rate of reaction stating the number of chemical reactions that take place per unit time. The reaction rate stated molarity of the solute in the reaction generated each second reaction.


MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION CURVE

 Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution describes the speed of the particles in the gas and the particles do not constantly interact with one another, but move freely between short collisions.
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is usually regarded as the velocity distribution of molecules, but can also refer to the distribution of velocity, momentum, and the magnitude of the momentum of the molecule, which each will have a different distribution probability function, all of which related.



 

Stoichiometry

BASIC LAW OF CHEMISTRY

a. Law of Conservation of Mass (Lavoisier's Law)   "The mass of substances before and after the reaction is the same".Example:S + O 2 → SO 22 gr 32 gr 64 grb. Fixed Comparative Law (Law Proust)   "Comparison of the mass of each element in the compound is still"Example:H 2 O → mass of H: mass of O2: 16 = 1: 8c. Multiple Comparative Law (Law Dalton)   "If these two elements can form two or more compounds, and the mass of each one of the elements, the mass ratio of the

Atoms and Elements

WHAT IS ATOM?

Atoms  are the building blocks of all matter that exists. They are so small that we can not even see with our naked eyes. Atoms usually in the range of Angstrom.

After much experimentation, the atomic structure described in the 19th century. Atoms consist of a nucleus, which has a proton and a neutron. In addition to neutrons and positrons there are other small sub-atomic particles in the nucleus. And there are electrons circling the nucleus in the orbital.

Most of the atom is empty space.

Significant Figure

DEFINITION

significant figure is the number obtained through measurement consisting of the numbers given (read on the measuring instrument) and the last number are estimated.

 

RULES 

1.   All the digits (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9) other

Kinematics Problem Solving

Problem solving 1

A particle moves with equal position with respect to time:

r (t) = 3t2 – 2t + 1

with t in seconds and r in meters.

Determine:
The speed of the particle at t = 2 second

Genetic Code

RNA containing the nucleotide adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil (U). When three continuous nucleotide or amino acid code to signal the beginning or the end of protein synthesis, this set is known as a codon. This set of triplet gives instructions for the production of amino acids. The amino acids are linked together to form proteins.

Pairing

Torque

Torque, moment, or moment of force is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist to an object. Torque is the result of a cross between a position vector r with a force F.

Measurement

MEASURING LENGTH

Metre Rule

ruler is length measuring tools are often used. This instrument has the smallest scale of 1 mm or 0.1 cm. Rulers have half of the measurement accuracy of 0.5 mm smallest scale. At the time of taking measurements with a ruler, gaze must be perpendicular to the scale on the ruler and measured object. If not straight, it will cause an error in measurement, can be larger or smaller than its original size.

Momentum, Impulse, and Collision

Momentum

Momentum can be defined as the multiplication of the mass of the object to the speed of the object. It is a derivative of the magnitude of mass, length, and time. Momentum is the amount of derivatives that arise due to moving heavy things. In physics magnitude of this derivative is denoted by the letter “P”. Here’s the formula momentum

P = m V

Cell Division and Protein Synthesis

CHROMOSOMES

Chromosomes are string-like structures located in the cell nucleus of animal and plant. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of DNA.

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For an organism to grow and function properly

Cell Membrane and Transport

The cytoskeleton is a framework of cell membranes that work as a cover for and protect their internal organelles. This function is vital in animal cells, that lack a cell wall. The order membrane cytoskeleton (cellular networks ‘skeleton’ made of protein and is contained within the cytoplasm) and gives shape to the cell. The cytoskeleton microfilaments attached to certain proteins in the cell membrane, especially an integral part.

Passive Transport

Plant Tissues

Like other organisms, plant cells are grouped into various tissues. These networks can be simple, consisting of a single cell type, or complex, which consists of more than one type of cell.

Dermal Tissue
Dermal tissue system consists of epidermis and periderm.

Animal and Plant Cell

The cell is the smallest unit of life, and there are microscopic in nature, meaning that they can not be seen with the naked eye. Cell discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke and is named for the little guy with the “cell” (rooms) at a monastery.

Robert Hooks cell (rooms)

There are two types of cells, cells of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells is independent in nature, such as bacteria and archaea. On the other hand, the cells of all multi-cellular creature is a eukaryotic cell. Both animal cells and plant cells are eukaryotic cells, but they have a different structure.

The main difference between animal cells and plant cells is that plant cells have a cell wall, where animal cells do not have it. The cell walls are composed of cellulose provides rigidity plant cell to produce a fixed shape that is rectangular shape.